Two big things usually cause people to call me at my computer service company and say they need help with their Wi-Fi: 1. Low signal density (bars) and 2. Low speeds (low Mbps).

I just did a job at a lawyer’s office in Louisville where all the data on the server was encrypted. They almost lost everything. It was a password compromise issue. As more of our lives move online, internet security has become one of the most critical concerns for both individuals and businesses. Cybercriminals are constantly evolving their methods, often relying on simple but highly effective techniques to gain unauthorized access to accounts and systems.Understanding how these attacks work is the first step toward protecting yourself or your organization.
 
Password Compromise Techniques: They are Guessing, Spraying, Harvesting, Cracking, Stuffing.
 
1. Guessing
 
Guessing is one of the most basic forms of compromise. In this attack, a threat actor attempts to log into an account by trying commonly used passwords or combinations based on personal information.
 
Attackers may try:
 
Simple passwords like “123456” or “password”
Names, birthdays, or addresses
Slight variations of known passwords that are often from known data breeches
“The PC Sunflower” (looking for post-it notes with your password over your shoulder at work, or in your home, at the airport, etc.)
 
Why it works:
Many users still rely on weak or predictable passwords, making accounts easy targets.
 
How to protect yourself:
 
Use long, complex passwords
Avoid personal information use as passwords (instead make them random)
Enable multi-factor authentication (MFA)
 
2. Spraying
 
Password spraying is a technique where attackers try a small number of common passwords across a large number of accounts, instead of repeatedly attacking a single account.
 
For example:
 
Trying “Welcome123” across hundreds of usernames
Avoiding lockouts by limiting attempts per account
 
Why it works:
It bypasses security systems designed to stop repeated login attempts on a single account.
 
How to protect yourself:
 
Enforce strong password policies
Use MFA across all accounts
Monitor for unusual login activity
 
3. Harvesting
 
Harvesting refers to the collection of usernames and passwords, typically through deceptive methods like phishing.
 
Common tactics include:
 
Fake emails posing as legitimate companies
Fraudulent login pages that capture credentials
Malicious links or attachments
 
Why it works:
It exploits human trust rather than technical weaknesses.
 
How to protect yourself:
 
Be cautious with unexpected emails
Always verify website URLs
Educate users and employees about phishing
 
4. Cracking
 
Cracking involves using specialized software to break encrypted passwords, often after hackers obtain stolen data from breaches.
 
Common methods include:
 
Brute force attacks (trying every combination)
Dictionary attacks (using common word lists)
Rainbow table attacks (precomputed hash matching)
 
Why it works:
Weak passwords and outdated encryption can be broken quickly with modern computing power.
 
How to protect yourself:
 
Use strong, unique passwords (12+ characters)
Avoid common words and patterns
Ensure modern password hashing is used (for businesses)
 
5. Stuffing
 
Credential stuffing uses stolen username and password combinations from previous data breaches to access other accounts.
 
Because many people reuse passwords, attackers can gain access to multiple accounts using the same credentials.
 
Why it works:
Password reuse is widespread, and massive databases of stolen credentials are easily available online.
 
How to protect yourself:
 
Never reuse passwords across sites
Use a password manager
Enable MFA on all important accounts
Monitor for data breaches
 
Final Thoughts
 
Even though these attack methods vary in complexity, they all take advantage of the same weaknesses: weak passwords, password reuse with mild variations, and human error.
 
By understanding how guessing, spraying, harvesting, cracking, and stuffing work, you can take the needed steps to secure accounts and reduce risk.
 
Cybersecurity doesn’t have to be complicated—but it does have to be taken seriously. Hopefully these thoughts about the common problems I see as an actual computer repair practitioner at my local computer service company and some of these preventative techniques will save you from having to have me or someone like me out after a data loss catastrophe.
 

Lately, it seems like all anyone talks about in the news is Artificial Intelligence (AI). Oddly, I never get any questions from customers about this. Not sure why. Anyway, it has quickly become one of the most useful tools available on modern computers and smartphones. Many people have heard about AI, but they are not always sure how to actually start using it. The good news is that using AI is much easier than most people think.

Today there are several major AI systems that anyone can use for free. These tools can help you write emails, answer questions, research information, summarize documents, help with homework, and even generate images.

The four most widely used AI systems today are ChatGPT, Google Gemini, Microsoft Copilot, and Grok.

Understanding what these tools are and how to access them is the first step to using AI effectively.

Even beginners with very little technical experience can learn to use modern AI tools in just a few minutes.

The Four Major AI Systems Everyone Should Know

Chat GPT

ChatGPT is one of the most popular AI systems available today. It was developed by Sam Altman and OpenAI and is designed to answer questions, help write documents, explain complicated topics, and assist with research.

Many people use ChatGPT to:

• Write emails
• Summarize articles
• Help with school assignments
• Generate ideas
• Troubleshoot computer problems

ChatGPT works through a simple chat interface. You type a question and the AI responds with an answer.

Google Gemini

Gemini is Google’s artificial intelligence system. It integrates closely with many Google services such as Google Search, Gmail, and Google Docs.

Gemini can help users:

• Research topics
• Draft emails
• Generate summaries
• Assist with writing
• Answer technical questions

Because Gemini is built by Google, it often works well for research and general knowledge questions.

Microsoft Copilot

Microsoft Copilot is Microsoft’s AI assistant. It is built into many Microsoft products including Windows, Microsoft Edge, and Microsoft Office.

Copilot can help with tasks such as:

• Writing documents
• Creating spreadsheets
• Summarizing web pages
• Generating reports
• Answering questions

Many newer Windows computers already have Copilot installed.

Grok

Grok is an AI system created by Elon Musk’s company xAI. It is integrated into the social media platform X but it is a separate webpage(formerly Twitter).

Grok can help users:

• Research current events
• Answer general questions
• Generate ideas and summaries
• Provide explanations of complex topics

Grok is designed to be conversational and often focuses on real-time information.

How to Use AI on a Smartphone

Using AI on a phone is usually done through an app.

Most AI systems offer official apps that can be downloaded from the Apple App Store or Google Play Store.

Once installed, the app works just like a messaging system. You type a question and the AI provides an answer.

Many people prefer using AI on their phone because it is convenient and always available.

How to Use AI on a Desktop Computer

Using AI on a desktop or laptop computer is usually even easier.

Most AI systems work directly in a web browser. You simply visit their website and start asking questions.

A good way to keep them handy is to add them to your browser favorites or bookmarks. This allows you to open them quickly whenever you need them.

Many people keep AI tools bookmarked along with their email, banking, and other commonly used websites. You can enable bookmark/favorite bar to show all the time in Edge, Chrome or Firefox.

What Can AI Help You Do in Everyday Life?

Artificial intelligence can assist with many everyday computer tasks, including:

• Writing emails and letters
• Researching topics
• Summarizing long articles
• Explaining technical subjects
• Helping with homework
• Creating outlines for reports
• Generating ideas for projects

AI is not perfect and sometimes makes mistakes, so it is always a good idea to double-check important information. However, despite its limitations AI is quickly becoming one of the most important tools people can learn to use on a computer or smartphone. I encourage all my clients to use it. Many businesses, schools, and professionals are already using AI to write documents, research information, organize ideas, and complete everyday tasks more efficiently. People who learn how to use AI now can save time, work more productively, and stay competitive in a rapidly changing technological world. Those who do not use it will fall behind as AI becomes a normal part of how work and communication are done. Learning how to use AI does not mean replacing human thinking – it means using a powerful tool to assist with everyday tasks and make better use of your time. Learn to use it!

See the photo on this blog post? It’s fake. Every week at my Louisville, Kentucky computer repair business I receive calls from people who believe their computer has been “hacked.” Sometimes the problem turns out to be a virus, sometimes it is a false security warning, and other times it is a tech support scam designed to scare someone into paying money or giving a stranger remote access to their computer. Other times they may have simply forgotten a password to something like their Facebook account.

When something unusual appears on the screen and your computer starts behaving in ways it never has before, it is easy to panic. The good news is that most of these situations can be fixed if you act quickly and avoid a few common mistakes.

Below are some of the warning signs to watch for and the first steps you should take if you think your computer may be experiencing a problem like this.

How Did This Happen?

Some people encounter the problem while browsing the internet when a website suddenly displays a full-screen warning claiming their computer is infected or locked. These messages often include loud alarms or flashing alerts telling the user to call a support number immediately.

Other times the problem starts with an email. Scam emails often pretend to be from companies like Microsoft, PayPal, Amazon, or a bank and warn that there is a security problem with your account. The message may include a link that leads to a fake website designed to steal passwords or install malware.

Phone calls are another method scammers use. Someone may call claiming to be from “Microsoft support” or a security department and say your computer has been sending out spam or has been compromised. In reality, these callers are usually trying to convince you to give them remote access to your computer.

What Signs to Look For

Some unusual behavior on a computer may include your browser redirecting you to unfamiliar websites, new programs appearing that you do not remember installing such as new browsers or toolbars, or the computer suddenly becoming much slower than normal.

In many cases the computer has not actually been hacked by a person. Instead, it has been exposed to malware, or a pop-up has frozen your browser with a scary security message designed to frighten you into taking action such as calling a 1-800 number.

The Most Common Computer Scam Right Now

One of the most common scams I see these days involves fake Microsoft security warnings. A webpage suddenly fills the screen with alarms and flashing messages claiming your computer is infected or locked.

The message often instructs you to call a phone number for immediate help. When someone calls the number, the person on the other end pretends to be a Microsoft technician and asks for remote access to the computer.

Once connected, they may run a few commands, claim they discovered serious problems, and demand payment to “repair” the system. In some cases they also attempt to install additional software or collect personal information.

It is important to understand that Microsoft does not display warnings asking you to call a phone number, and legitimate security alerts do not lock your browser this way.

What Not To Do

If you believe your computer may be compromised, there are a few things you should avoid doing.

Do not call the phone number shown in a pop-up warning. Those numbers almost always connect you to scammers.

Do not give anyone remote access to your computer unless you contacted them first and know exactly who they are.

Do not enter credit card or banking information into a suspicious website.

And do not immediately reinstall Windows or erase the computer unless you have already backed up important files.

What You Should Do Right Away

If you encounter a suspicious warning or believe malware may be active on your computer, the first step is to disconnect from the internet. This can stop malicious software from communicating with outside servers.

Next, restart the computer. Many browser-based scam warnings disappear after a reboot because they are only trapped inside the web browser.

If you believe your passwords may have been exposed, change them from another device such as a phone or a different computer.

Finally, it is often best to have the computer examined by a professional.

When It Is Time To Call a Technician

Some situations require professional help as soon as possible. A compromise like this is often considered a computer emergency, so it is important to call a professional right away.

If your computer is locked with a ransom message, if important files seem to be missing, or if you entered sensitive information into a suspicious website, the system should be checked immediately.

A technician can remove malware, look for hidden remote access software, repair any damage caused by the infection, and secure the computer so the problem does not happen again.

Chris Calkins owns On-Site Louisville Computer Repair Company in Louisville, Kentucky and has been repairing computers for residential and business customers for over 30 years. He writes about real-world computer problems, scams, and technology issues he encounters every day on the PC News blog.

Every week I have multiple encounters with customers having Microsoft OneDrive problems. OneDrive is often presented as a safety feature, but many users discover it only after something has already gone wrong. Files seem to vanish, folders multiply, or a familiar Desktop suddenly looks completely different. In most cases, the problem isn’t user error — it’s that OneDrive was enabled quietly and began reorganizing files without the user fully realizing what was happening. It gets worse when “Backup” is turned on beccause if backup is ever turned off the files don’t return to their correct and normal location in Windows. They all remain in the OneDrive folder.
 
Sometime during a Windows setup, a Microsoft Office sign-in, or when a major Windows update occurs — OneDrive is accidentally configured. And this can cause a mess. And, lately, MS is more insistant about turning on backup prompts. OneDrive may automatically begin syncing the Desktop, Documents, and Pictures folders. From that point on, those folders are no longer just local. Files may live on the computer, in the cloud, or only online, and Windows does a poor job explaining which is which.
 
A file that looks like it’s been deleted may simply be in a different OneDrive folder. A folder that appears twice may actually be the result of OneDrive being turned on, off, and on again. Users often try to fix the situation by dragging files around or toggling OneDrive settings, which can make the mess worse.
 
Common Ways OneDrive Causes Problems
 
OneDrive issues tend to follow familiar patterns. Files appear to disappear even though they still exist somewhere. Duplicate folders with slightly different names show up. Syncing stops when storage fills up, sometimes without a clear warning. In multi-computer setups, a change made on one device instantly affects the others, including deletions.
 
It’s important to understand that OneDrive is a syncing service, not a backup. Syncing means everything stays the same everywhere — including mistakes. If a file is deleted or overwritten, that change is pushed to every connected device.
 
Why Updates Make Things Worse
 
Windows updates frequently prompt users to “finish setting up” their device. Clicking through those screens can re-enable OneDrive or folder syncing, even if it was previously disabled. The result can be a moved Desktop, missing icons, or files suddenly stored online instead of locally.
 
Because these changes happen in the background, users often don’t connect the update to the file problems until much later.
 
How to Avoid Getting Into Trouble
 
The safest approach is clarity and consistency. Either OneDrive is used intentionally and understood, or it’s turned off correctly. Many of the worst problems come from partial or accidental use.
 
If OneDrive is enabled, it’s important to know exactly which folders are being synced and how much storage is available. Relying on OneDrive alone for file protection is risky. A separate backup that keeps older versions of files is still necessary.
 
It’s also wise to slow down during Windows setup and update screens. These are the moments when OneDrive is most often reintroduced without clear explanation.
 
Small Businesses Should Be Especially Careful
 
In business environments, OneDrive problems can have larger consequences. Shared files, accounting data, and office systems don’t handle surprise syncing well. A single misconfiguration can overwrite important files or create conflicts that go unnoticed until work is disrupted.
 
If OneDrive is used in a business, it should be planned and documented, not enabled by default.
 
When to Stop and Reassess
 
If files are missing, duplicated, or behaving unpredictably, it’s often best to stop making changes and assess what OneDrive is actually doing before continuing. Randomly turning settings on and off can permanently overwrite newer data with older versions.
 
Most OneDrive nightmares aren’t caused by carelessness — they’re caused by software making decisions silently. Understanding that behavior, and deciding whether OneDrive truly fits your needs, is the key to keeping control of your files instead of chasing them.
 
Final Thoughts
 
Don’t use Microsoft One Drive and if it’s turned on and you’re not sure how remove it call a professional computer tech to remove it permanently.
 

HP computers are OK, but HP printers are not OK. HP is one of the most recognized printer brands in the world — but over the past few years I have been seeing more problems with HP printers and customers have been reporting growing problems that go beyond occasional paper jams or low ink warnings. From controversial firmware updates that allegedly brick printers to lawsuits over ink cartridge restrictions, HP printers have become the subject of significant scrutiny. Here’s a breakdown of what’s happening and why many HP owners are frustrated. I walked out of an on-site service call today due to a printer than would not work and had no solution. It was disabled due to the ink program problem.
 
1. Firmware Updates That Break Printers
 
One of the biggest sources of frustration has been a series of firmware updates pushed to HP printers that have caused devices to malfunction or stop recognizing cartridges entirely. In March 2025, HP released firmware version 20250209 for several LaserJet models (like the M232–M237 series). Users began reporting printers displaying Error Code 11 and refusing to print — even with genuine HP toner installed. HP acknowledged the issue and said it was working on a solution, but many owners were left without a functioning printer.
 
This isn’t an isolated incident — similar updates in past years have also been blamed for bricking printers. Such updates often install automatically, leaving users with little control over when or if they accept them.
 
2. Lawsuits Over Ink Cartridge Restrictions
 
A major root of the problems lies in what HP calls Dynamic Security — a firmware-level system that can prevent printers from working with non-HP ink or toner cartridges.
 
Because third-party ink is usually much cheaper than HP’s own cartridges, many consumers have used compatible cartridges to save money. But HP’s dynamic security system can suddenly block those cartridges from working — sometimes without clear warning.
 
Class Action
 
This practice has led to multiple legal challenges:
 
In January 2024, plaintiffs filed a class-action lawsuit alleging HP used firmware updates to force customers into buying only HP cartridges, effectively creating a monopoly and raising prices unfairly.
 
In late 2024 and early 2025, a separate class-action settlement was approved that didn’t award monetary damages but required HP to give users the option to decline firmware updates that include dynamic security features.
 
An ongoing antitrust case in Illinois is still challenging the practice and seeking stronger legal remedies.
 
ESA Blog
 
3. Instant Ink Subscription Complaints
 
Another area of controversy is HP’s Instant Ink program — a subscription service that automatically sends replacement cartridges when your printer reports low ink levels.
 
While the service sounds convenient in theory, many subscribers have complained that it fails to deliver ink on time, leaves them with printing errors, or even disables ink cartridges if the subscription is canceled.
 
Class Action
 
Even outside of lawsuits, online forums are full of stories from users who were suddenly unable to print after canceling Instant Ink or whose printer refused to recognize cartridges purchased separately.
 
4. Printers Going Offline Connectivity Issues
 
In addition to firmware and subscription problems, some users report HP printers becoming unusable when offline or disconnected from HP’s cloud servers. In certain cases, a loss of connectivity caused printers to lock up or refuse print jobs until they reconnected — a frustrating issue for small businesses or home users relying on dependable printing.
Reddit
 
HP’s increasing reliance on internet-connected features — like cloud services and mobile apps — means that losing a connection can sometimes render a printer just a paperweight until the link is restored.
 
So What’s Going On?
 
All of these issues stem from a few bigger trends:
 
More aggressive firmware control: HP’s updates are designed to protect security and HP’s business model, but many users see them as overly intrusive and harmful when they change printer behavior unexpectedly.

Subscription services becoming the norm: Like many tech companies, HP is pushing subscription models (Instant Ink) to generate recurring revenue — but execution has left many customers dissatisfied.

Legal pushback from consumers: As these practices have spread, legal action has followed — and while some settlements have forced clearer disclosures and options to decline updates, HP mostly hasn’t admitted wrongdoing or paid significant damages.
 
️Tips for HP Printer Owners (and Potential Buyers)
 
Don’t Buy HP Printers!
 
Final Thought
 
HP remains a major player in the printer market, but recent trends have made many customers wary. With class-action lawsuits, problematic firmware updates, and subscription controversies, HP’s printer business faces a serious public perception challenge. I think the only way answer to this right now is to NOT use HP Printers — no matter what.
 

It seems like one of the main issues I deal with at my computer repair company in Louisville, KY is the issue of Windows 10 and Windows 11 upgrade questions. This time it’s a little bit different than the transitions of old. Windows XP adoption and Windows 10 adoption did not have such a stringent hardware requirement.
 
If I recall Windows 10 required:
 
Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor
RAM: 1 GB for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit
Hard disk space: 32 GB or larger
Graphics card: Compatible with DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver
Display: 800 x 600 resolution.
 
That means you could essentially hang on to any processor and do the upgrade from Windows 7 to Windows 10. This time it’s much different. Microsoft says computers must have at least an Intel 8th gen processor. This is considered a modern processor and NOT “obsolete” by many IT Professionals. As a result, I’m starting to see many people confused when I tell them they need to replace their computer in October.
 
If you’re using a Windows 10 PC, you’ve likely heard that Microsoft will officially end support for Windows 10 on October 14, 2025. But does that mean you have to get rid of your computer? Not necessarily. Here’s what you need to know about Windows 10’s end of life and your options moving forward.
 
What Happens When Windows 10 Support Ends?
 
When Microsoft ends support for an operating system, it stops providing security updates, bug fixes, and official technical support. This means:
 
No More Security Patches – New vulnerabilities won’t be patched, leaving your system more vulnerable to cyber threats.
 
No More Feature Updates – While Windows 10 isn’t getting major new features now, it will officially stop receiving any improvements.
 
Third-Party Support May Decline – Over time, software and hardware manufacturers may stop supporting Windows 10, making it harder to use newer applications and devices.
 
Do You Have to Upgrade?
 
The short answer is no, you don’t have to upgrade immediately—your Windows 10 PC will continue to work beyond October 2025. However, staying on an unsupported operating system comes with risks, especially security vulnerabilities. Here are your options:
 
Upgrade to Windows 11 – If your PC meets Windows 11’s system requirements, upgrading is the safest choice. Windows 11 will continue receiving updates and security patches for years to come.
 
Keep Using Windows 10 at Your Own Risk – If your PC doesn’t meet Windows 11’s requirements or you’re not ready to upgrade, you can still use Windows 10, but you’ll need to be extra cautious with security. Consider using strong antivirus software and being mindful of online threats.
 
Look Into Extended Security Updates (ESUs) – Microsoft may offer Extended Security Updates (ESUs) for businesses and enterprises that want to continue using Windows 10. While typically not free, this could be an option for some users who need more time before upgrading.
 
Switch to a Different Operating System – If you’re not keen on upgrading to Windows 11, you might consider switching to Linux. There are several user-friendly Linux distributions that can breathe new life into older hardware while keeping security updates coming.
 
What Should You Do Now?
 
If you want to keep using your current PC past 2025, check if it meets Windows 11’s requirements. If it doesn’t, now is a good time to start planning for an upgrade or exploring alternatives.
 
Need help with your Windows 10 PC? Contact On-Site Louisville Computer Repair Company us today to discuss your options!
 

Upgrading to Windows 11 is an exciting opportunity to experience the latest features and improvements from Microsoft. Microsoft will stop supporting Windows 10 on October 14, 2025.. Follow this comprehensive guide to upgrade your PC safely and successfully, complete with illustrations for each step.
 
Step 1: Check System Requirements
 
Before upgrading, ensure your PC meets the minimum requirements for Windows 11.
1. Processor: 1 GHz or faster and Intel Core 8th gen or newer processor or AMD equivalent.
2. RAM: 4 GB or more.
3. Storage: 64 GB or more available space.
4. Graphics Card: Compatible with DirectX 12 or later with a WDDM 2.0 driver.
5. TPM: Version 2.0 enabled.
To check your system compatibility:
• Use the PC Health Check tool from Microsoft: Download it here.
Pro Tip: If your computer does not have an Intel 8th gen processor and an SSD you need to replace your equipment.
 
Step 2: Back Up Your Data
 
Ensure your data is safe before proceeding with the upgrade.
1. External Drive Backup:
o Connect an external hard drive.
o Open File Explorer, select important files, and copy them to the external drive.
2. Cloud Backup:
o Use services like OneDrive or Google Drive to upload critical files.
 
Step 3: Download Windows 11
 
Visit Microsoft’s official website to download the upgrade files using the Microsoft Creator Tool. It’s easy to use you can put Windows 11 on a clean flash drive of 8GB or more.
1. Go to the Windows 11 download page.
2. Click Download Now for the Microsoft Creator Tool.
3. Run the Installation Assistant and follow the prompts.
 
Step 4: Perform a Clean Install
 
A clean install involves booting your PC from the USB drive and performing a fresh installation of Windows 11.
1. Insert the bootable USB drive into your PC.
2. Restart your PC and enter the boot menu (usually by pressing F12, F2, or Esc during startup; refer to your manufacturer’s guide).
3. Select the USB drive from the boot options.
4. When the Windows Setup screen appears:
o Select your language, time, and keyboard preferences, then click Next.
o Click Install Now.
5. On the “Activate Windows” screen, enter your product key or click “I don’t have a product key” to proceed (if you’re reinstalling).
6. Select Custom: Install Windows only (advanced).
7. Delete existing partitions:
o Select each partition and click Delete to remove them. Ensure you’ve backed up all important data before proceeding.
o Select the unallocated space and click Next to install Windows 11.
8. The installation process will begin. Your PC may restart multiple times; ensure it remains plugged in.
 
Step 5: Complete the Setup
 
Once the installation is complete:
1. Follow on-screen prompts to set up preferences like language, time zone, and privacy settings.
2. Sign in with your Microsoft account.
 
Step 6: Verify and Enjoy
 
After setup, ensure everything is running smoothly:
1. Check for updates:
o Go to Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update.
o Click Check for Updates to install the latest patches.
2. Explore new features like Snap Layouts, Widgets, and the redesigned Start menu.
 
Congratulations! You’ve successfully upgraded to Windows 11. If you encounter any difficulties, feel free to reach out to On-Site Louisville Computer Repair Company for expert assistance.